The Garden, The Apple And The Fall- - 982 Words

The Garden, The Apple and The Fall- The Retelling of The Fall of Man from Paradise in Western Literature Western literature, particularly that of a religious nature, is replete with references to paradise, a transcendental reality in which man exists in his ideal state. In the western canon, the Garden of Eden is ubiquitous with this paradise or heaven. What is the Garden of Eden? In what ways has man’s fall from paradise influenced the mindset and psyche of modern man? Like many tales in the Bible, the story of man’s life in paradise and his subsequent expulsion, is one that has been retold and modernized by a multitude of writers and philosophers. Over the course of my independent reading this semester, I hope to find answers to these questions, as well as gain a deeper understanding of paradise and redemption within the context of Western literature. For this reason, I will look at many different perspectives on the fall of man, sin and paradise by a diverse array of writers. As with any quest, the honest traveller must begin at the beginning of the trail, so I will begin by reading John Milton’s Paradise Lost as well Dante’s Divine Comedy. Paradise Lost, the classic tale of the Satan’s attempt to win back heaven after man’s fall and his loss of grace before the Lord is often considered a pillar of European literate and is certainly the most influential work of the 17th century. The Divine Comedy, presents a slightly different perspective and style; its writer,Show MoreRelatedSymbolism Of Adam And Eve1373 Words   |  6 Pagesare the first people to be created by God in the Garden of Eden. God created Adam and then later Eve was made from Adam’s rib. Through clay, God molded a shape of a man, and into it, He breathed life. The mold slowly opened eyes and began to live. God called this mold Adam. After the creation of Adam, God made a beautiful garden for him to live. This garden God called it the Garden of Eden. The garden was made full of many wonderful things. The garden had beautiful flowers everywhere. Birds sang inRead MoreSymbolism Of Adam And Eve1135 Words   |  5 Pages Apple and Symbolism Name Institution Course Date Adam and Eve One of the creation myths describes Adam and Eve as the first human beings. The myth is found in the book of Genesis, which is the first book in the Bible. The Christian myth describes Adam and Eve as the origin of humanity. Adam was created by God from dust. Then after making Adam, God removed one of hisRead MoreAdam And Eve : The Myth Of Adam And Eve1127 Words   |  5 Pagesplaced them in the Garden of Eden. He gave them authority over all other creations and could eat all fruits in the garden except the tree at the center of the land. It was the trees whose fruits made those who eat understand good and evil. After creation, Adam and Eve never realized they were naked because they were innocent. One day, Eve was resting, and a serpent approached her, and within no time, the serpent tricks her, and she ate the fruit from the tree at the center of the Garden of Eden. She realizesRead MoreHeracles: The New Jesus Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pagestheir way onto much art through the ages that now are often open to interpretation since the artists are long passed. The vases image and text make it clear the setting of the depiction. The vases imagery is based in The Garden of The Hesperides, at the tree that bears golden apples. Surrounding the tree are Atlass daughters, the Hesperides, who are picking the forbidden fruit owned by Hera. The serpent in the tree is Ladon, sent by Hera to protect its fruits from the girls and any other interestedRead MoreSnow White And The Seven Dwarves1596 Words   |  7 PagesAn apple a day keeps the doctor away. Although in Snow White’s case, it might be: an apple a day brings a doctor her way. Children from all corners of the Earth have heard the story of Snow White or seen Disney’s movie Snow White and the Seven Dwarves. The story begins with the Evil Queen ordering a huntsman to take Snow White to the woods to have her killed. When he lets her live the Queen decides to murder Snow White herself by poisoning an apple. The Evil Queen revels when Snow White takes oneRead MoreA Study On Apple Tree856 Words   |  4 Pages[u]5. Apple Tree[/u] One of the best known fruits in the world is the apple. This round, palm sized fruit is produced by a deciduous tree Malas domestica, in the rose family which generally grows 6 to 12 feet tall when cultivated or as large as 39 feet when appearing in the wild. This tree is grown worldwide and believed to have originated in Central Asia. Apple trees can vary in size, becoming quite large if grown from trees or remaining small when grafted onto roots. This fruit is as variedRead MoreAdam And Eve : The Garden Of Eden1743 Words   |  7 Pagescreated two human beings to live in a Paradise on earth, called the Garden of Eden, although they had fell from that state it said to be in history that they began humanity, and the loss of innocence. In the story Adam and Eve were let to be living in the Garden of Eden, where God had created one of everything. He created many fruits and vegetables, animals, plants, and trees. It was first Adam’s job to take care and live in the Garden of Eden, till one day God saw that Adam was lonely so he took mattersRead MoreThe Garden Of Love By William Blake1420 Words   |  6 PagesIn William Blake’s poem, The Garden of Love, the speaker is trying to convey that life is in a constant state of inconsistency and that nothing can remain uniform. Blake uses religion in a negative light to convey that restriction on life, particularly love, corrupts life and prevents you from experiencing happiness. The main conflict presented in this poem is between the individual and religion. Blake uses religious symbols such as chapels, graves, and priests to show how religion can destroy theRead MoreEssay on Biblical Allegories in Billy Budd600 Words   |  3 PagesCertain 33) around the t ime of the Fall, The ground common to most discussion of Billy Budd is the assumption that the story is allegorical ... a reenactment of the Fall (Berthoff, Certain 32). The Fall refers to the Christian myth, that is, of the fall from innocence and the promise of redemption (Berthoff, Certain 33). Billy is described as being similar to Adam before the Fall (Reich173). Billy is connected to Adam mainly in that they both experience a fall from innocence; Billys innocenceRead MoreThe Female Character in the Epic Stories Paradise Lost and the Ramayana1555 Words   |  7 Pages The Ramayana and Paradise Lost hold stories of ancient times that tend to explain the existence of two different cultures in the present world. Milton, the author of ‘Paradise Lost,’ concerns himself with the Christian story of the ‘Fall of man’ while Valmiki, the author of The Ramayana, tries to bring out an explanation to the goals of human life. In this assignment, I would like to compare author’s use of two female characters in both The Ramayan and Paradise Lost as I try to

Secret Techniques for What Is a Conclusion Sentence Only the Pros Know About

Secret Techniques for What Is a Conclusion Sentence Only the Pros Know About How to begin a conclusion is just half of the offer. You may use a concluding sentence to state how you want to observe things change later on. Students should know how important it's to compose a concluding sentence that's effective in summarizing their point and provide their final point an effect. In such a situation, obtaining an attractive conclusion is entirely crucial. As a customer, you will want to be prepared to figure out regardless of whether the business has a great history. Therefore, acquiring a referee not only makes certain that the game runs smoothly, additionally, it gives the fans the opportunity to relish a captivating game. Thus a strong sentence at the start and the end is essential. Therefore, the collective effect of all of the green house gases increases temperature on the earth and provides rise to numerous dangerous troubles. Individuals are realizing well the growth in environmental warmth however never mind their activities that are stimulating the international warming to rise. A tiny rise in the degree of green house gases may hugely impact the worldwide warming. A small fluctuation in the level atmospheric carbon dioxide can cause high level significant influence on the international temperature. A concluding sentence ought to be an over view of the former discussion, not incorporate any new info. As you already know, a conclusion really isn't the part in which you offer new details about it. To nail down a great essay, you will need to get a firm conclusion. A conclusion stipulates some last judgments on the most important subject of the text and terminates a topic on a rational point. An effective conclusion is thorough and elaborative, it gives a crystal clear and robust idea regarding the entire text. Renewal expert positions are easily obtainable. Please don't respond if you can't finish by the deadline. Strategic planning on the opposite hand requires the strategic planning for the whole organization for a unit. Facts, Fiction and What Is a Conclusion Sentence This type of conclusion will look like it's been tacked on so as to fulfill the term count requirement, and it'll actually cause your getting a poorer grade than you would have. It is crucial to recognize that everyone doesn't have exactly the same learning style. When someone is homeless, they don't just lose their house they lose a great deal of different things too. He should be able to read your conclusion paragraph and pretty much know what the rest of your essay said without having to read it. When you aren't able to eat healthy, nutritious food there's a chance that you will need to visit the hospital to receive treated. Briefly discuss the matter or issues and attempt to enclose the ways you're able to adopt to fix them in future. The bodily consequences are getting more and more obvious and increasingly dangerous in the modern society. Many factors demonstrate that. The 30-Second Trick for What Is a Conclusion Sentence Overall, you should finish your essay with a large bang! If a guy or woman has previously had sex with another person, their marital intimacy is already affected. The attractiveness of narrative essays is that you're permitted to get personal whilst telling a story. Many, however, have argued that non-marriage sex is not so harmful. If for instance, you're writing a comparatively short, 5-page assignment, you may use any of the techniques described above. Keep in mind, the experiment you conduct ought to be designed in a manner it lets you check whether the outcomes of your experiment supports the hypothesis or not. The organization tha t's administering the TABE is going to have the details on test registration, place, cost and testing procedures. The TABE tests might be taken on the internet or via a conventional paper and pencil technique. Quite a few paragraphs are then combined to compose a report, an essay, or just a book. Exactly like other paragraphs, it ought to have a strong transition or topic sentence. Concluding sentences repeat the principal idea of your paragraph in various words. Writing a concluding sentence may not arrive as easily because you may think. Since you can see, how to begin a conclusion in an essay, research paper or any other academic assignment isn't precisely a precise science there are many methods to produce use of, and the result will mostly depend on you, as a paper writer. The last point to observe is the best way to compose a conclusion for an expository essay. Now, below are some common instructions on writing essay conclusions whom I've encountered before. Failing to realize it is utilised to close the last thoughts on a subject is a familiar mistake many writers make.

Carrefour free essay sample

Gomez, Xia Xia, Ray Chou, Sam Nora, Ivan Perkovic Professor Nicholas Imparato Final Memo Team 1 Van Ness Cohort Carrefour Managerial Issues Introduction Carrefour as of 2011 is the second largest retailer in the world when it is referred to its sales revenue, and is ranked third in the world when acknowledging the profit of this company. Carrefour is the largest retail hypermarket chain in the world, which has it’s headquartered in Boulogne Billancourt, France. Problem Statement Globalization today is the driving force behind many business endeavors. Company’s, in their never ending search for boosting the margins and increasing profits, have realized that one of the best ways to grow is to find new and unexplored markets. That is why over the past decades we have seen a rapid interconnection and interdependence of the economies of the world, meaning the companies of the world. Therefore, this is the very beginning of the many problems that Carrefour faces. In 1995, the company decided to enter the Chinese market. At the time it was immediately apparent that such a move is a risky decision simply because of the legislation, mandated by the Chinese government, that no foreign retailer can own more than 49% of the company, primarily meaning assets, when entering the Chinese market. Years later, China entered the WTO which has changed, but Carrefour’s problems were far deeper. In recent years Carrefour has suffered from rapidly declining market share, along with decrease in profit margin. Recently Carrefour has been faulted upon fixing prices and discriminating on products, which they sell. Different stores around China have promoted discounted prices in different outlets within the country at prices that were even higher than original prices, and stated these prices as being discounted for. Further, Carrefour participated in fraudulent activities that derived from the fact that the company was trying to create a close relationship with few suppliers by accepting bribes from them so that they can supply their outlet. The Carrefour stores within China suffer a high amount of profit on sales commissions and entrance fees than compared to its other retail competitors, which implies that the supplier has a tense relationship with the retailer. Further relevant problems include severe lack of keeping pace with the industrial standards, primarily in terms of retail technology and market entry operations, all which have taken their toll on the competitive edge of the company, and allowed Carrefour rivals to take over their marketplace in China as well as worldwide. Some critics attribute it to poor management, while some go even further and blame the culture for all the troubles. One thing is certain, Carrefour must undergo heavy restructuring or at least change its current operations if they wish to stay in the Chinese market, and for that matter, remain competitive in the world’s marketplace in general. Pestle Analysis In terms of political situation, the same communist party has ruled China for several decades now. Many issues can be found when using the PESTLE approach. Back in 1995, when Carrefour first entered the Chinese market, it was immediately apparent that such a move is a risky decision simply because of the legislation. In 1995, the government set out a policy, which stated that no foreign retailer could own more than 49% of the company, which primarily meant assets. In other words, this ultimately meant that Carrefour’s investment is not quite secure, because opening a company in China means acquiring and investing in assets while at the same time the company is not being the proprietor of the investment it is making. Additionally, the Chinese government seeks control of every business that lies within the country. Citizens have no freedom of speech to this day, and many entrepreneurs that work within this country say that running a business is similar. The government is attentive to every move the firm makes. This is one of the reasons why the government favors national companies to be in their market for they can force these companies to give them a higher rate of control of how the business is going to be run. Finally, to make matters more challenging, the Chinese government directly owns one of Carrefour’s main competitors. This means that the company must deal with a market where the government has the absolute power, in both, legislative and executive branches, while it is one of Carrefour’s direct competitors. In terms of economic factors, China is definitely a market that is worth entering and investing in. It counts for over a billion people and provides an opportunity for great success. But as any market that has so much promise, there are many places were a company can go wrong and fail to succeed in such a promising market. However, as mentioned recently this country is booming economically, and due to this has been receiving a higher rate of international companies that are in their industry. This has increased the acceptance of different cultures within this thriving republic. Nevertheless, China has many values that lie within the culture and business, which needs to be studied upon for the international firm to be accepted in China. Such cultural necessities that this country requires for all their businesses in order to succeed is trust. Customers need to trust the firm, and believe that the business is truly offering the highest most proficient product at a well reasonable price. As we can see, Carrefour did not seek to attain this verb from its clients, for it has not managed this international firm in the most proficient manner in one of the fastest growing countries in the world. One of Carrefour’s greatest errors that it made was by signing lease contracts to open stores within the nation, and not acquire property. Unlike all of their competitors, that all own the property and the land of their company, Carrefour never decided to make such an investment. Many reasons were behind this decision Carrefour had taken when first entering the Chinese market. Carrefour did not want to risk investing such a large sum of money when they could not own a share greater than 49% at the time, so this decision seemed way too risky. On the other hand, they thought that by leasing the retail space they would be able to turn their inventory and enjoy the extra benefits of having lowered costs. However, as we can now see, the opposite has occurred within this company. Carrefour signed a lease deal in 1995, contracting the retail space for 20 years (ending in 2015). The problem was with the fact that in those 20 years the price of real estate went soaring up. Carrefour in 1995, did not see this opportunity, and saw the risk of the interference of the government as a threat for them to own property and land within this nation. Do to the fact that close to one hundred percent of their retail stores are leased, technological innovations are highly lacking. As one can deduce, almost all retail giants within China offer and invest in the newest technological innovations for their clients. This is another category where Carrefour is having issues. The problem here is that Carrefour has yet to keep up with its competitors and introduce some new technology. Do to almost all of Carrefour’s retails being under a lease contract, hardly any innovations have been established within each retail outlet since 1995. The vast majority of Carrefour’s outlets even lack the basic technological innovation which most retail giants carry in all of their stores, self-checkouts. Hofstede Frameworks Analysis Carrefour entered one if not the most challenging markets when entering the Chinese Retail Industry in 1995. As we know China is a country, which has a very pungent history, which still lies at the heart of this vast growing economy. Currently China has the second largest economy that provides many opportunities to succeed and flourish. However, this market has many areas that when not studied upon carefully, will impose you from flourishing in this roaring economy. Though China does not dwell any longer with a communist dictatorship, there are many parts that lie in this culture that are rooted from having been dictated by one. The Chinese government seeks control over all retail stores and feels insecure when they lack control of an industry that is running through their economy. The Chinese government was never thrilled with Carrefour entering their market. Carrefour being one of the largest hypermarkets in the world, and has been seen as a threat ever since this industry has entered their chain of retail markets. Two reasons why Carrefour is seen as a threat is because it is an outsider and it has granted very limited access for the government to intervene within it. Under Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions, China is ranked eighty among power distance. The higher this number, the more the government is wanting to intervene within the companies and have a say of how it is to be run. This explains why China has been trying to convince Carrefour to hand over the operations within China to the local China Resources Group conglomerate; however they have yet to succeed in this proposition. Thinking beyond personal affections and more onto what is the best for the country as a whole is the mentality of the Chinese culture. China is referred to as a collectivist country within Hofstede’s perspective, which implies that they worry for the interest of the group, and not individualistically. Due to this when Carrefour has done many actions that has diminished its credibility and trust with their customers and government and has made shopping an unpleasant activity. Recent actions that have lead its customers to picturing Carrefour as this have been due to mismanagement. Carrefour has allowed each outlet to set their own prices for each of there products. Due to this they have made many of their customers think if they are being overpriced for a product, which they are buying. Lately stores within China have been temporarily closed due to the outlet selling expired food to their customers. This has entitled their customers to question upon the quality and price of the product, which they are consuming from this hypermarket. Instant change needs to be made within Carrefour for China’s citizens to start accepting this vast growing hypermarket within their culture. Chinese government has set many standards upon industries and stores so that it can avoid feeling threatened upon situations which the people do not have control under. They want to feel certain upon the market they are dealing with, and want to rely on good reputable and safe products which they, the customers, can rely and feel certain upon. Though since Carrefour has sold expired foods to their customers and have incremented prices, while stating that they are at a â€Å"discount rate†, different retail stores within the country have been fined over $100,000. Actions such as these have decreased uncertainty for Carrefour within the country. China under Hofstede’s perspective for uncertainty ranks China with a low 30. In the world of business China prioritizes trust as one of its most important standards. This is a fundamental key if one is to succeed in this fast growing economy. Though, Carrefour besides being an outsider has done the opposite of gaining trust within the Chinese industry. Carrefour, to begin with, is a relatively new company in the Chinese market. Besides, they have done many negative actions, which have led the Chinese citizens and government to come to question how long this vast retailing hypermarket will last in their industry. China aims at having a long-term relationship with industries that lie within their market, though due to recent activities that have taken place within this hypermarket, many are questioning how long they will last. Under Hofstede’s point of view, China is ranked extremely high in long-term orientation. With a ranking at 118, this implies that this country aims at long term relationships within their market. This culture bears with reliance and dependence, something that Carrefour has yet to demonstrate. Solutions Carrefour has been dealt with issues ever since entering this booming market. Though, Carrefour has been overflown with many managerial issues, which have been imposing it to succeed in this flourishing economy. Within the same country, different outlets are granted the freedom to sell their products at the price they desire. Though this has led Carrefour to commit many fraudulent activities that has steered different stores to be temporarily closed, and make customers loose faith for in this store. These activities though can be blamed at management for provoking such negative competition upon one outlet to another. Due to giving management so much freedom, management has done many activities with the intention to lower cost and increase revenue. Different outlets have accepted bribes from suppliers, sold expired products, and overpriced many of their merchandises. The solution to this, and to begin to change the image of this company in China is by centralizing power within the same country. Carrefour needs to remove the power each outlet has for determining its price for its products and set one price for each product within the same nation. This will remove price discrimination, and increase the customer’s contentment when he or she is shopping. If this policy were set, Carrefour would become a friendlier place for customers to shop. The customer would know that the product he or she is buying is a reliant merchandise, which is sold at a centralized price within all Carrefour’s within the same nation. A second problem this hypermarket is facing is one of its first actions that were placed when entering this market in 1995. As we may recall, in China the government had set a policy that foreign retailers could only run business in joint venture form and they couldn’t own more than 49% of share. This policy was set by the Chinese government to aid local businesses as a protectionism policy. Therefore, Carrefour was being forced to cooperate with other local businesses and because it has less than 49% of share, Carrefour was not willing to invest capital into long-term assets, such as land and technology. Although China hasn’t regulated the foreign retailers’ investment in 2005 because it joined World Trade Organization, Carrefour kept its ‘non-long-term’ strategic of not buying any land and paid their rent to keep their business. However, Carrefour is beginning to recognize that they should not extend their lease, which terminates for most of their stores in 2015, or they would need to pay an unreasonable high rent that is unreasonable for Carrefour to pay. We suggested that Carrefour should begin to buy property. The property, which would be bought, would be in the most booming cities within China. Also the most recent technology would be installed upon each new Carrefour outlet that would be opened. This would remove many threats this company has faced within this year in China. By investing in high technology within each outlet the risk of selling expired products would not be an issue. Updated technologies would be keeping track of Carrefour’s inventory and acknowledge to the employees when certain products are about to expire so that they can  be removed from the shelves to ensure that their customers are purchasing the highest quality of products. Though this might seem as a risky investment, Carrefour needs to change its image within this nation. Shopping in Carrefour needs to be acknowledged as a memorable and embracing activity. If Carrefour accomplishes the first two suggestions we have made, this hypermarket would begin to attain an important verb as we might recall, that i s needed to succeed in the Chinese market, trust. Customers would know that they are buying high quality products at a great price. Customers would not be probing as to whether the product, which they are purchasing, is at a higher cost than that of another Carrefour outlet, for all prices would be centralized. Carrefour would bring the highest technology to its customers while shopping. Self-checkouts would be enhanced within every new Carrefour, so that long lines would not diminish the satisfaction of shopping at Carrefour. Carrefour would change its imagine in the Chinese market and live up to its mission statement, â€Å"helping customers live a better quality of life†.

Junk Food free essay sample

I would like to extend my appreciation to the following people for further assistance and support in compiling this project: * My parent, Irene Anita for supporting me financially * The sample population for the needed information * Teachers and students of SSKMC for sharing their thoughts and ideas * My English teacher, Miss Dipna Kumar for her guidance and support in outlining the project. * Methodology The reason I chose this topic is because I found out that students are getting sick by eating junk food from the canteen and I have all the relevant information provided. The following methods are used in order collect enough information on the topic of my research work. Primary research Firstly, I distributed ten questionnaires to the students of SSKMC to get their views on the topic. They provided me with a lot of relevant information through which I was able to identify the possible effects, advantages and disadvantages. We will write a custom essay sample on Junk Food or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, I also used my own knowledge and observations to complete this research project. Secondary research Information for the research was also gathered from other means. The school library was consulted. Many  people  try to avoid or limit such  food  in their diets, out of concerns that it is not healthy, despite the fact that numerous  food  manufacturers produce a range of products which could be considered  junk. According to (news Australia 2008) Nutritionists, doctors, and other health advocates often work to educate  people  about  junk  food, encouraging them to eat well balanced diets which contain a high proportion of healthy foods. Lollies, soft drink, potato chips, hot chips, ice cream, and hamburgers, hot dogs and other kinds of take away food are called junk food. Junk foods such as hamburgers, pizza, fried chicken and chips usually contain loads of saturated fats. Too much saturated fat in the diet will cause people to put on weight and get fat or obese (very fat). Being overweight is a risk to the health of the heart and can cause other diseases. Junk foods often have too much salt. Theres a lot of salt already in foods such as bread, breakfast cereals and biscuits and cakes. So people are getting more salt than they need when they eat junk food. Too much salt is unhealthy for the heart Junk food does have some of the good things that the body needs for good health. And the body needs some salt, fat and sugar for energy to burn while we work and play. However too much fat, sugar and salt is bad for our health and eating lots of junk food will overload your body with these things. It is probably OK to eat junk food sometimes! But people should look for foods that are low in fats and salt and sugar. In todays age of convenience, fast food needs no introduction. Everyone from a 2-year-old toddler to a 60-year-old grandpa seems to be enjoying it every chance they get. And why not? Its delicious, its filling, is really affordable, and readily available just any time of the day, being only a drive through phone call away. What more can you ask for when you are living life in the fast lane? Well, plenty â€Å" fast food is all good tasting, except that it is not nutritionally balanced and, therefore, unhealthy in the long run if consumed on a regular basis. Fast food is loaded with calories from refined sugar and fats (especially, the artery-clogging saturated and hydrogenated fats, which are repeatedly reheated to high temperatures for frying purposes). It is also very high in odium, coming from common salt and other additives. On top of all this, fast food is deficient in dietary  and essential micro-nutrients like vitamins and minerals. To make matters worse, heaps of fast food is normally guzzled down with gallons of sugar-rich colas which many fast-food restaurants serve free with food as an incentive. To make a long story short, all this results in pilin g up of unused empty calories in the body, which get stored as body fat till one day you look in the mirror and realize that your great figure has been replaced by this creature in the mirror. But thats not the end of the story; its just the beginning consuming too much fast food not only turns a handsome guy into an unsightly obese man and being physically inactive only adds to the problem of obesity. Not many people who love fast food are ready to acknowledge that obesity is not simply an eyesore it is a major risk factor for a large number of deadly diseases like hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease, and even many types of cancers. Recent scientific studies have shown that high-calorie foods rich in fats,  refined sugar  and salt could reconfigure the hormones in the body in such a way that they make you crave for such foods and always leave you asking for more. In other words, fast food is kind of addictive; you get hooked on to it and continue consuming it in an uncontrolled way in spite of knowing that it is Unhealthy. The more you consume, the more difficult it is for you to opt for  healthy foods. The situation is worse in case of children who from a very young age get hooked on fast food.

International Accounting Issues The WritePass Journal

International Accounting Issues 1. Executive Summary: International Accounting Issues 1. Executive Summary:2. Earning Management:2.1 Definitions of Earning Management:2.2 Motivations for Earning Management: To Show Growth Trends:Directors Bonuses:Manipulating Share Price:Financial Problems:Insider Trading: 3. Abuses of Earning Management and International Accounting Standards:3.1 Revenue Recognition (IAS 18):3.2 Unusual Assets ( IAS 16/38 )3.2 Profit Smoothing ( IAS 37 )3.3 Change in accounting Policy (IAS 8):3.5 Off Balance Sheet Financing (IAS 1):Conclusion and Recommendations:References:Related 1. Executive Summary: Due to the global business expansion, management opportunities have grown and enhanced each day and issues and abuses have occurred. Therefore, I will try to explore how Earning Management works within finance and, will relate it with the principles of accounting. According to the IASB, there are many ways escape and create opportunities. Throughout my study I will present how a total impact is made, by explaining the different accounting standards and by relating them to Earning Management. 2. Earning Management: Earning Management is the practice of producing financial accounts that suit a particular purpose without really showing the true and fair views. Sometimes the accountant might want to show profits which are favorable e.g. to get a bonus, and sometimes losses e.g. to pay less tax. At other times the accountant may wish to show a healthy balance sheet e.g. to get a bank loan, whereas at other times an unhealthy balance sheet e.g. before a management buy-out to get a bargain. Various types of definitions have been produced to explain Earning Management as a special form of ‘’design’’ rather than ‘’principled accounting’’. 2.1 Definitions of Earning Management: Earning management is also referred to as income smoothing, earnings management, earnings smoothing, financial engineering and cosmetic accounting. Definitions of earning management vary, and include the following: ‘Is any action on the part of management which affects reported income and which provides no true economic advantage to the organization and may in fact, in the long-term, be detrimental’. (Merchant and Rockness, 1994) ‘Involves the repetitive selection of accounting measurement or reporting rules in a particular pattern, the effect of which is to report a stream of income with a smaller variation from trend than would otherwise have appeared’.(Copeland, 1968) 2.2 Motivations for Earning Management: Why earning management comes into being? How can earning management come into being? In this part motivations of the appearance of creative accounting will be worked over. To Show Growth Trends: Generally companies prefer reporting steady trends of growth in profit rather than showing volatile profit with series of dramatic rises and falls. Making unnecessarily high provisions for liabilities and against asset values in good years is achieved so that the provisions can be reduced thereby improving reported profits in bad years. Directors Bonuses: In most cases, bonuses of the management of the company are based on profits, so the higher the profit the higher the bonus or, if a certain level of profit is achieved only then the bonus is payable. Directors and employees have an incentive to use earning management practices in an effort to maximize the bonuses received when such bonus schemes are tied to reported earnings. Manipulating Share Price: Creative accounting may help maintain or boost share price, both by reducing apparent levels of borrowing, making the company appear subjected to less risk, and by creating the appearance of a good profit trend. By doing so the company is able to raise capital from new share issues, offer their own shares in takeover bids and, resist takeover by other companies. Financial Problems:    The business needs additional financing; that is, it requires a loan or aspires one at a favorable rate. Normally, less risk perceived by the lender leads to lower interest rate charged. High reported earnings, high assets, low liabilities and high shareholder equity amounts accompanied by high earnings, convey the impression of improved credit quality as well as, high debt rating to a lender, or bond investor. As a result, creative accounting practices used to improve reported financial measures can lead to lower corporate borrowing costs. Insider Trading: If directors engage in insider dealing in the shares of company , they can then use earning management to delay the release of information for the market enhancing opportunities to benefit from inside knowledge. 3. Abuses of Earning Management and International Accounting Standards: In most cases where earning management is done, accounting policy choice and application simply fall within the range of flexibility inherent in international accounting standards, and GAAP. Whilst it can be argued that the manner in which the accounting policies is employed are largely a function of management judgment , in most cases this judgment results in the biasing of reported financial results and position in one direction or another. It presses the envelope of what is permitted under IAS and GAAP, although it remains within boundaries, and it is not fraudulent financial reporting. At some point, a line is crossed and accounting practices being employed move beyond boundaries of IAS and GAAP. Financial statements that result are not considered to provide a fair presentation of a subject company’s financial results and position once the line is crossed, and adjustments become necessary. Here are some common abuses and the particular international accounting standard. 3.1 Revenue Recognition (IAS 18): Faced with the slow growth, a company may overstate operating revenues by recognizing them too early .For example if item issued to distributers on a ‘’sale or return’’ basis are recorded as sales (even though they may be returned) this will inflate sales and profits. Since the sales have not yet been paid for, this will also increase the receivable figure in balance sheet. The increased receivable figures (longer debt collection period) is one way that analysts may be able to spot this kind of manipulation. The receivable figure tends to increase over time until the manipulation is discovered. Other examples include holding the books open and continuing to record shipments that clearly belong in subsequent periods and recording sales without the shipment of goods.If reported profit is significantly higher than the operating cash flow for the period, this may be another indicator that profits are being overstated. Sybase’s shares dropped an additional 20% when the company reported improper practices at the Japanese subsidiary, which Sybase said included booking revenue for purported sales that were accompanied by side letters allowing customers to return software later without penalty. The accounting standards dealing with this (principally IAS 18) has prescribed the criteria to decide when revenue should be recognized: In   case of goods,   that ownership has genuinely been transferred; that the economic benefits and risks of ownership lie with the buyer. The revenue that seller gains must be measurable. The costs of supplying the goods or services can be measured. It is probable that the revenue will be received. The completion stage of partially completed contract of services can be determined. According to IAS 18, the notes to the accounts should explain the revenue recognition policy. Although new rules and regulations imposed by IASB and other accounting bodies have improved the situation, revenues remain one of the most easily manipulated numbers in the accounts. 3.2 Unusual Assets ( IAS 16/38 ) Capitalizing expenditure involves posting transactions to the fixed assets in the Balance Sheet rather than the expenditure section in the Profit Loss or by amortizing capitalized amounts over extended periods. If the true and fair view would be to post it to the expenses then to post it to fixed assets (i.e. to capitalize it) could be classed as earning management  .Result of this would be that both the profits and asset values will be inflated. In the case of WorldCom, a large us telecommunication business, it was alleged that operating profits had been overstated by treating certain operating expenses, such as basic network maintenance, as capital expenditure during 2001 and 2002.To correct this overstatement ,net profit had to be reduced by $ 3.8 billion. Under IAS 16,costs such as servicing should be treated as an expense and should be recognized in the income statement. Subsequent expenditure should be capitalized only if it results in an enhancement of economic benefit beyond those previously recognized. A common charge seen at the time of the combination of technology firms is a charge for purchased in-process research and development. As the name suggests, purchased in process RD is an unfinished RD effort that is acquired from another firm. It might be an unfinished clinical study on the efficacy of a new drug or an unfinished prototype of a new electronics product. According to IAS 38, if the acquired RD has an alternative future use beyond a current research and development project, the expended amount should be capitalized. Capitalization also would be appropriate for purchased in process software development, a form of RD, if the software project has reached technological feasibility. 3.2 Profit Smoothing ( IAS 37 ) Income smoothing refers more specifically to the preference of reporting steadily rising profits. A form of earnings management designed to remove peaks and valleys from a normal earnings series, including steps to reduce and â€Å"store† profits during good years for use during slower years. For example, deliberately not disclosing a contingent liability, or significant going concern problems, in the notes to the financial statements means that the disclosures required (under IAS 37 and IAS 1 respectively) have intentionally not been made. From the preceding examples, it can be seen readily why earnings management is also known as income or profit smoothing. It is because the practice of earnings management often is designed to produce a smoother earnings stream, one that suggests a lower level of earnings uncertainty and risk. Earnings at General Electric Co. (GE) have grown steadily for decades. It is tough to expect such a smooth and growing earnings stream. Certainly the diverse nature of the company’s product and service mix provides a diversification effect that yields a more stable earnings stream. Beyond its product and service diversification, however, the company has in the past demonstrated a willingness to take steps that appear to manage its earnings to a smoother series. Analysts, noted that GE is â€Å"certainly a relatively aggressive practitioner of earnings management.† Sometimes   in a bad year a company may decide to write-down assets in a wholesale fashion. Earnings expectations have not been met. The implicit view is that there will be no additional penalties for making the year even worse. By writing down assets now, taking a â€Å"big bath,† as it is called- the balance sheet can be cleaned up and made particularly conservative. As such, there will be fewer expenses to serve as a drag on earnings in future years. 3.3 Change in accounting Policy (IAS 8): Another way of earning management is through a firm’s selection of the accounting policies it employs in the preparation of its financial statements or in the manner in which those accounting policies are applied. The companies involved are simply using available flexibility in accounting principles. It does not mean that the applicable financial reporting framework has not been followed. It may be that the manipulation of published figures is the result of selecting an accounting policy which is allowed under the financial reporting framework, but which does not reflect economic reality. For example, changing the estimated life of a non-current asset is allowed under financial reporting standards, but if it is done purely to manipulate the depreciation charge (and therefore earnings), then it becomes an example of earnings management. IASB in international accounting standard 8 has prescribed the criteria for selecting and changing accounting policies together with the disclosure and accounting treatment of changes in a reporting entity’s accounting policies, accounting estimates and corrections of errors. An enterprise may voluntarily change the accounting policy only if believes that the change will improve the presentation of the financial statements. An enterprise discloses any change in accounting policy that has a material effect in the current period or is reasonably expected to have a material effect in later periods. It should also disclose, to the extent ascertainable, the amount by which any item in the financial statements is affected by a change that has a material effect in the current period. Where the enterprise is unable to ascertain the amount with reasonable efforts, the fact should be disclosed. Entities must adopt consistent accounting policies for similar transactions unless an IFRS/IAS requires a more specific policy to be adopted. Entities are only allowed to change an accounting policy if it is required by an IFRS or IAS; or, it results in financial statements providing more reliable and relevant information about the effects of transactions on the entity’s financial position, performance or cash flows. 3.5 Off Balance Sheet Financing (IAS 1): â€Å"Off balance sheet financing† is when debt financing is not shown on the face of the balance sheet. This allows a company to borrow without calculations being affected of measures of indebtedness such as gearing.   Motives for this may be to mislead investors and remain within the terms of debt covenants. It may also sometimes be a side effect of the method for raising capital chosen therefore, it is probably best to be suspicious of the motives for raising debt in a manner that is not visible to investors. As standards have caught up with loopholes that allowed off balance sheet financing. The scope for off balance sheet financing has reduced over the years which in the past have included leasing and borrowing through special purpose vehicles. Conclusion and Recommendations: It is a difficult task for the regulators to cope with earning management. They need to update the rules to control earning management on one hand, allow flexibility and promote the culture of voluntary disclosure on the other hand. The danger of over regulation is that companies will assume it is the regulators’ responsibilities to ensure transparency rather than their own. By a mixture of regulations aimed at special abuses and more fundamental accounting and auditing standards that require the application of the spirit of the law rather than merely the letter, regulators have been successful in eradicating many of these practice. It is to be stated that the impact of creative and fraudulent accounting can be reduced by streamlining the accounting and auditing system and more effective corporate governance. Earning management can be reduced by: 1. Introduction of forensic accounting for white collar fraud detection and fraud prevention; 2. Minimizing the alternative choices of accounting treatment in accounting standards; 3. Enhancing the quality of corporate governance; 4. Amending Companies Act; 5. Enforcing strong regulation, and 6. Increasing the effectiveness of audit. References:

Conjunctive Adverbs vs. Adverbs

Conjunctive Adverbs vs. Adverbs Conjunctive Adverbs vs. Adverbs Conjunctive Adverbs vs. Adverbs By Mark Nichol A conjunctive adverb is an adverb that has been authorized to perform the function of a conjunction, which simply means that it links one part of a sentence with another. (Standard conjunctions consist of the phrase and clause connectors for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so, acronymized in that order as the mnemonic FANBOYS.) However, they are not pure conjunctions, as the FANBOYS words are, and in this role they cannot follow a simple comma; this error is called is a comma splice. Instead, as the examples below demonstrate, conjunctive adverbs- words such as however, otherwise, thus, meanwhile, and hence, when used to express addition, apposition, concession, contrast, reinforcement, result, summary, or time- signal the beginning of an independent clause and must be preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma. (Alternatively, conjunctive adverbs may appear parenthetically in the middle of the independent clause or may begin or interrupt a separate sentence.) Each use of a conjunctive adverb below is contrasted with the use of the same word as a simple adverb. Notice that when a word performs the latter function, a semicolon is unnecessary before it (though a comma might be required there to separate two clauses), and no comma must follow it. However Adverbial conjunction: â€Å"Jones was released last Friday after posting $100,000 bail; however, it was unclear who paid for his release.† Adverb: â€Å"For your sake, however much I abhor that actor, I will go see the movie.† Otherwise Adverbial conjunction: â€Å"The settlements are an acknowledgment that our business model is sound; otherwise, we would not have agreed to the terms.† Adverb: â€Å"The memory troubled him through the otherwise pleasant afternoon.† Thus Adverbial conjunction: â€Å"Margins on manufacturing and other businesses have become razor thin; thus, companies must undertake careful analysis of profitability for products and services on a real-time or near real-time basis.† Adverb: â€Å"The enemy struck, and Smith took the bait, thus weakening the left flank of his division.† Meanwhile Adverbial conjunction: â€Å"Some indicated that they would not respond to the question; meanwhile, others gave their thoughts.† Adverb: â€Å"That’s a good idea for the long term, but meanwhile, we have to address the immediate problem.† Hence Adverbial conjunction: â€Å"We were preoccupied by the sound of the breaking glass; hence, it is quite possible that somebody planted the gun without being noticed.† Adverb: â€Å"Not too many years hence, the average reader won’t ever have seen a card catalog.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar 101 category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should KnowConfusing "Passed" with "Past"5 Keys to Better Sentence Flow

'Poetry exists to disrupt habitual perception' Essay

'Poetry exists to disrupt habitual perception' - Essay Example Jonathan Swift an Anglo-Irish poet of the eighteenth century, is considered a skilled satirist whose most famous work would be Gulliver’s Travels, a novel that which satires human nature and political struggle. Considered to be his best poem and perhaps his best work, â€Å"A Description of a City Shower† is a commentary on urban life and the way that life in a city can be inauthentic and artificial. The poem is constructed with lines in a loose version of iambic pentameter, in heroic couplets. It can be said that the poem evokes that feeling of ’shared experience’ as those portrayed are collectively together and captured in the event of a storm. However, the other shared experience that is just past The subjects of his words are treated with wit and social relevance. The poem is filled with small references some of which may not be immediately revealed, but on repeated readings the joyful mockery has extraordinary appeal. At one point within the poem a direct jab is taken towards the political parties who forever argue and accomplish little in the process. Swift says, â€Å"Triumphant Tories, and desponding Whigs, forget their feuds, and join to save their wigs.†[1]. In one quick stab of wit, Swift suggests that in this moment of rain, the Tories and the Whigs finally have a common element in their experience. The rain may destroy their wigs. In this manner, he reduces the members of these groups to a common element of humanity. With skill and a great, quiet power, Swift is able to reduce his subjects and require humility as they must step off of their pedestal for a moment - all disguised within a cleverly crafted rambling of the story of a rain shower. Louis MacNeice‘s, another Irish poet, wrote â€Å"London Rain† (1941) which also speaks of a rain shower. MacNeice’s work wasn’t intended to have quite the wit of Swift’s work, however his thoughtful and